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Real-Time Combined 2D+3D Active Appearance Models
J. Xiao, S. Baker, I. Matthews, and T. Kanade
Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Vol. 2, June, 2004, pp. 535 - 542.

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Active Appearance Models (AAMs) are generative models commonly used to model faces. Another closely related type of face models are 3D Morphable Models (3DMMs). Although AAMs are 2D, they can still be used to model 3D phenomena such as faces moving across pose. We first study the representational power of AAMs and show that they can model anything a 3DMM can, but possibly require more shape parameters. We quantify the number of additional parameters required and show that 2D AAMs can generate model instances that are not possible with the equivalent 3DMM. We proceed to describe how a non-rigid structure-from-motion algorithm can be used to construct the corresponding 3D shape modes of a 2D AAM. We then show how the 3D modes can be used to constrain the AAM so that it can only generate model instances that can also be generated with the 3D modes. Finally, we propose a real-time algorithm for fitting the AAM while enforcing the constraints, creating what we call a ``Combined 2D+3D AAM.''

Sponsor: US Department of Defense
Grant ID: N41756-03-C4024

Associated center: VASC
Associated labs/groups: People Image Analysis Consortium, Human Identification at a Distance, Vision for Safe Driving, Face Group, and Human Sensing
Associated projects: Face Model Building and Fitting, AAM Fitting Algorithms, and 2D->3D Face Model Construction

Number of pages: 8

J. Xiao, S. Baker, I. Matthews, and T. Kanade, "Real-Time Combined 2D+3D Active Appearance Models," Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Vol. 2, June, 2004, pp. 535 - 542.

@inproceedings{Xiao_2004_4636,
   author = "Jing Xiao and Simon Baker and Iain Matthews and Takeo Kanade",
   title = "Real-Time Combined 2D+3D Active Appearance Models",
   booktitle = "Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition",
   month = "June",
   year = "2004",
   volume = "2",
   pages = "535 - 542"
}